Surveillance and analysis of death causes of residents in a community of Shanghai from 2017 through 2019 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To determine the mortality， composition and trend of death causes of residents in Changxing community， Chongming District， Shanghai from 2017 through 2019， and provide scientific evidence for disease prevention and control strategies. Methods:Mortality data of household registered population in this community during January 1， 2017， and December 31， 2019， were collected. Causes of death were coded according to the ICD-10 and then analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. Results:From 2017 through 2019， crude annual mortality of household registered residents in Changxing Community was 816.32/105， 825.01/105， and 770.16/105， respectively. The average annual mortality was 803.82/105. The leading death causes were cancer， circulatory disease， respiratory disease， and injury， poisoning and other external causes. Male mortality was higher than female mortality in all years. Conclusion:Main death causes of residents in Changxing Community are chronic non-communicable diseases， followed by external causes of injuries and poisoning. Our study provides scientific evidence for the improvement of health strategies by the local health administration， which warrants targeted health education measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases and improve the health.

Autopsias en fallecidos de la tercera edad / Autopsies in elderly deceased elderly

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud promueve un compromiso con el envejecimiento saludable. La autopsia constituye el método más completo para el estudio de las enfermedades, y en los fallecidos de la tercera edad se evidencian sus problemas de salud. Objetivo: Mostrar las particularidades en edad, sexo, enfermedades crónicas, en particular los tumores malignos, la sepsis y causas de muerte que se encuentran en las autopsias de fallecidos de la tercera edad. Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal, entre los años 1987-2017 de las autopsias en fallecidos de la tercera edad. Se agrupan por edades: edad avanzada, anciana y grande longeva. Se exploran las variables de edad y sexo, enfermedades crónicas, infección y causas de muerte. Resultados: Los fallecidos de la tercera edad constituyen más de las tres cuartas partes de las autopsias en la institución. El sexo femenino muestra mayor longevidad. La hipertensión arterial, diabetes y el cáncer decrecen con la edad, mientras la sepsis se incrementa. Aumentan progresivamente en las causas de muerte directa, la sepsis y el tromboembolismo, mientras disminuyen el choque, edema pulmonar e infarto cardiaco. Aumenta en las causas básicas la aterosclerosis cerebral y generalizada, disminuye la coronaria, la enfermedad hipertensiva y los tumores malignos. La no coincidencia clínico patológica aumenta con la edad, discretamente. Conclusiones: Existen particularidades en el estudio de los pacientes de la tercera edad, evidenciado por los resultados de autopsia, por lo que se recomienda la geriatrización de los servicios(AU)

Introduction: The World Health Organization promotes a commitment to healthy aging. The autopsy is the most complete method for the study of the diseases and in the elderly deceased their health problems are evidenced. Objective: To show the particularities in ages, sex, chronic diseases, in particular malignant tumors, sepsis and causes of death found in the autopsies of the deceased elderly people. Method: A retrospective, longitudinal study was carried out between the years 1987-2017 of autopsies in elderly deceased. They were grouped by age: advanced age, elderly and long-lived. The variables age, sex, chronic diseases, infection and causes of death were explored. Results: The elderly deceased were more than three quarters of the autopsies in the institution. The female sex showed greater longevity. Hypertension, diabetes and cancer decreased with age, while sepsis increased. Sepsis and thromboembolism were progressively increasing in the direct causes of death, while shock, pulmonary edema and cardiac infarction decreased. In basic causes, cerebral and generalized atherosclerosis increased and coronary atherosclerosis, hypertensive disease and malignant tumors decreased. The clinical - pathology no coincidence, increased slightly with age. Conclusions: There are particularities in the studies of elderly patients evidenced by the results of autopsy, so that geriatrification of services is necessary(AU)

Analysis of the main causes of death and life loss of elderly people over 60 years old in a community in Shanghai, 2012-2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the main causes of death among elderly residents aged 60 and above in Huangdu, Jiading District, Shanghai, and to provide evidence for disease prevention and control of the elderly. Methods The mortality rate, potential years of life lost (PYLL), years of life lost rate (PYLLR), and average years of life lost (AYLL) were calculated to evaluate the death characteristics and life loss of the elderly over 60 years old in Huangdu. Results From 2012 to 2019, there were 1 648 deaths among elderly people over 60 years old, and the death rate was 22.56‰. The mortality rate of residents was basically stable over time (P = 0.315). The top five causes of death were tumor, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, and injury and poisoning, accounting for 81.67% of all deaths. The mortality of tumors and respiratory diseases was higher in males than in females, and the differences were statistically significant (both P0.05). Among the causes of death of residents aged 60 and above, the number of years of life lost caused by all causes of death was 5,512.5 (person-years), the rate of years of life lost was 88.69‰, and the average number of years of life lost was 8.14 (years/person). Conclusion Tumor and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were the main causes of death in the elderly in Huangdu area. Family doctors should be used to strengthen the prevention and control measures for cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases to improve the quality of life of the elderly in the area.

Cause-of-death analysis in low-risk cardiac surgery patients during postoperative period / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze the cause of death in low-risk cardiac surgery patients during postoperative period and discuss the prevention and treatment methods to increase the survival rate. Methods    We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 132 patients dead after cardiac surgery from January 2014 to December 2018, among whom 35 patients had a EuroSCORE Ⅱ score <4% (low-risk cardiac surgery patients), including 20 males and 15 females aged 62.7±13.4 years. The cause of death in these low-risk patients was analyzed. Results    The main causes of death were cardiogenic and brain-derived causes (60.0%), and infections and ogran failure (45.7%). Pulmonary infection and low cardiac output after surgery were the main causes of death. Cerebral infarction, malignant arrhythmia and multiple organ failure were the common causes of death. There were 4 deaths (11.4%) caused by accidents, including gastrointestinal bleeding caused by esophageal ultrasound probe, cough and asphyxia caused by drinking water, postoperative paralytic ileus and multiple perioperative allergic reactions caused by allergic constitution. Conclusion    Postoperative treatment and prevention for low-risk cardiac surgery patients should be focused on postoperative infection, and cardiac and brain function protection. Changes in various organ functions need to be closely monitored for preventing organ failure, accidents should be strictly controlled, and more details of intraoperative and postoperative treatment still need to be further improved.

Causas de Muerte Poco Útiles en el Hospital de Atención Integral del Adulto Mayor, Quito 2018 / Mortality Garbage Codes use in Hospital de Atención Integral del Adulto Mayor, 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: En este trabajo, se analiza la situación y principales características de las causas de muerte "poco útiles" del Hospital de Atención Integral del Adulto Mayor (HAIAM). Se proceso la base de datos sobre defunción de enero a julio del 2018, que se encuentra validada según los criterios vigentes para identificación y análisis de la exactitud de la información sobre las causas básicas de muerte. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, transversal. El universo son los registros de defunciones totales ocurridas de enero a julio del 2018. Se calcula el porcentaje de las causas de muerte "poco útiles" en el total de defunciones del HAIAM, incluye muertes de más y menos de 48 horas. RESULTADOS: 3 de cada 10 muertes registradas corresponde a causas "poco útiles" durante el período analizado, con un 24% de causas poco útiles. Dentro de estos el más alto porcentaje (50%) corresponde a causas sin suficiente especificación.  El 47% corresponde a causas intermedias de muerte, y un 3% como causas de defunción mal definidas. CONCLUSIÓN: La importancia de verificar la calidad de la información en relación a mortalidad aplicando los códigos garbage para validar las causas de muerte representa un aporte importante en relación a la calidad de información. Las causas de muerte mal definidas alteran el análisis de la información clínica y epidemiológica.(au)

BACKGROUND: this article analyzes the use and the main characteristics of mortality garbage codes in Hospital de Atención Integral del Adulto Mayor (HAIAM). The death database was processed from January to July 2018, which was validated according to the current criteria for the identification and analysis of the accuracy of the information on the basic causes of death. METHODS: Descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study. The universe is the total of deaths that occurred from January to July 2018. The percentage of mortality garbage codes in from total deaths of HAIAM was calculated, including deaths of more and less than 48 hours. RESULTS: 3 out of every 10 deaths registered correspond to "garbage codes" during the analyzed period, corresponding to 24% of garbage codes. The highest percentage (50%) were death causes with poor specification. 47% where intermediate causes of death and 3% poorly defined causes of death. CONCLUSION: The importance of verifying the quality of information about mortality, using garbage codes to validate death causes, is an important contribution. Garbage codes alter the appropriate analysis of clinical and epidemiological information.(au)

Mortalidade de mulheres em idade reprodutiva: estudo comparativo entre dois períodos / Mortality in women of reproductive age: a comparative study between two periods / La mortalidad en las mujeres en edad reproductiva: un estudio comparativo entre los dos períodos

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados com a mortalidade de mulheres em idade fértil do Paraná nos períodos de 1996 e 2014. Método: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico transversal descritivo com dados coletados por meio do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e processados pelo teste de associação qui-quadrado. Resultados: Houve uma redução na prevalência de óbitos das mulheres em idade fértil nos períodos, de 17% para 13,2%, respectivamente. As principais causas de morte para ambos os períodos ocorreram por causas evitáveis sendo as principais causas básicas as causas externas, neoplasias, doenças cardíacas e do aparelho circulatório. Conclusões: Os resultados contribuíram para mostrar que as mortes de MIF são evitáveis a partir da introdução de medidas sociais e de diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. O padrão de mortalidade do estado é semelhante ao do país apontando necessidade de implementar ações nas três esferas de governo voltadas para a saúde da população feminina

Objective: The purpose has been to identify socio-demographic factors associated with mortality in women of reproductive age in the Paraná State from 1996 to 2012. Methods: It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with an ecological approach. Data were collected through the mortality information system and processed by the Chi-square test for association. Results: There was a reduction in the prevalence of deaths in women of reproductive age over the period considered, from 17% to 13.2%, respectively. The leading causes of death for both periods occurred from preventable causes being the main underlying causes external ones, such as cancer, heart disease and circulatory system. Conclusions: The results supported that deaths in women of reproductive age are preventable with the introduction of social actions, as well as early diagnosis and treatment. The mortality pattern in the Paraná State is similar to the country, which points to the need of implementing actions towards all three government levels focused on the female population health

Objetivo: Identificar los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la mortalidad de las mujeres en edad fértil de Paraná entre 1996 y 2012. Método: Estudio ecológico descriptivo transversal, con los datos recogidos a través del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad y procesados por la prueba asociación Chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Hubo reducción en la prevalencia de las muertes de mujeres en edad fértil en el período, del 17% al 13,2%, respectivamente. Las principales causas de muerte para ambos períodos se produjo por causas prevenibles siendo principal causa subyacente causas externas, cáncer, enfermedades del corazón y el sistema circulatorio. Conclusiones: Las muertes del MIF son prevenibles con la introducción de medidas de carácter social y el diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos. El estado del patrón de mortalidad es similar a la de la nation que señalan la necesidad de implementar acciones en los tres niveles de gobierno se centraron en la salud de la población femenina

Mortalidade infantil evitável e vulnerabilidade social no vale do jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Avoidable child mortality and social vulnerability in vale do jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Mortalidad infantil evitable y vulnerabilidad social en el Valle del Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil

OBJETIVO: analisar a ocorrência de mortalidade infantil segundo critérios de evitabilidade e de vulnerabilidade social no Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal realizado com dados dos sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde, entre 2009 e 2014. Foi considerado o índice de vulnerabilidade social das cidades e as causas de morte foram classificadas conforme lista de causas evitáveis por intervenção do SUS. Foram calculadas as proporções, taxas corrigidas de mortalidade infantil geral e estratificadas. Diferenças foram avaliadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado em todo o período e entre os triênios 2009-11 e 2012-14. RESULTADOS: a taxa de mortalidade infantil média foi de 21,7 óbitos /1.000 nascidos vivos. No total, 69,5% dos óbitos foram classificados como evitáveis. Foram observadas reduções de 34,9 e 26,5% nos óbitos evitáveis por ações de atenção à mulher na gestação (p=0,00) e ao recém-nascido (p=0,04), respectivamente, e aumento de 65,8% nos óbitos evitáveis por ações de atenção à mulher no parto (p=0,01). Foi demonstrada predominância de óbitos evitáveis nos municípios de mais vulnerabilidade social (p=0,00). CONCLUSÕES: os resultados destacaram a importância das causas evitáveis relacionadas ao cuidado em saúde no momento do parto e, apesar das reduções observadas, na gestação e ao recém-nascido. Também evidenciaram a maior proporção de óbitos evitáveis na população mais vulnerável. O desafio de reduzir essa mortalidade indica a urgência por ações que visem à redução das desigualdades sociais, bem como a necessidade de melhorias no acesso e na qualidade dos serviços assistenciais.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the occurrence of child mortality according to avoidability and social vulnerability criteria in Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Methods: a crosssectional study conducted with data from the Ministry of Health's information systems between 2009 and 2014. The social vulnerability index of the cities was considered and the causes of death were classified according to the list of preventable causes by SUS intervention. The proportions, and corrected rates of general and stratified child mortality were calculated. The differences were assessed using the Chi-square test, throughout the period and between the three year periods of 2009-11 and 2012- 14. Results: the mean infant mortality rate was 19.5 deaths/1,000 live births. In the total, 69.6% of the deaths were classified as preventable. Reductions were observed of 35.7% and 26.1% in the preventable deaths due to actions of care to women during pregnancy (p = 0.00) and newborns (p = 0.04), respectively, and an increase of 71.3% in preventable deaths due to actions of care to women in childbirth (p = 0.01). A predominance of preventable deaths was demonstrated in municipalities with greater social vulnerability (p = 0.00). Conclusions: the results highlighted the importance of preventable causes related to health care at delivery and, despite the observed reductions, in pregnancy and the newborn. They also evidenced the highest proportion ...(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la incidencia de mortalidad infantil según los criterios de prevención y vulnerabilidad social en el Valle del Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado con datos de los sistemas de información del Ministerio de Salud, entre 2009 y 2014. Se consideró el índice de vulnerabilidad social de las ciudades y las causas de muerte se clasificaron según la lista de causas evitables por intervención del SUS. Se calcularon las proporciones, las tasas corregidas de mortalidad infantil general y estratificadas. Las diferencias se evaluaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado durante todo el período y entre los trienios 2009-11 y 2012-14. Resultados: la tasa promedio de mortalidad infantil era de 21,7 muertes / 1.000 nacimientos vivos. En total, el 69,5% de las muertes se clasificaron como evitables. Se observaron reducciones de 34,9 y 26,5% en muertes prevenibles debido a acciones de atención de las mujeres durante el embarazo (p = 0.00) y recién nacidos (p = 0,04), respectivamente, y un aumento de 65, 8% en muertes evitables mediante acciones de atención a mujeres en el parto (p = 0.01). La prevalencia de muertes evitables se demostró en municipios con mayor vulnerabilidad social (p = 0,00). Conclusiones: los resultados realzaron la importancia de las causas evitables relacionadas con la atención médica en el parto y, a pesar de las reducciones observadas, en el embarazo y el recién nacido. También mostraron la mayor proporción de muertes evitables en la población más vulnerable. El desafío de reducir esta mortalidad indica la urgencia de acciones dirigidas a reducir las desigualdades sociales, así como la necesidad de mejorar el acceso y la calidad de los servicios asistenciales.(AU)

Principales factores de riesgo de la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatales / Main risk factors of neonates morbidity and mortality

Se revisó la bibliografía disponible sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatales, tanto nacional como foránea y se decidió hacer referencia a importantes aspectos relacionados con el tema, entre los cuales figuraron, además de una reseña histórica: clasificación y registro de las causas de muerte (síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, enfermedad de la membrana hialina, infecciones, displasia broncopulmonar y malformaciones congénitas), tipo de parto (complicaciones y prematuridad), así como bajo peso al nacer. De la información obtenida se infirió que el nacimiento de neonatos con insuficiencia ponderal para la edad gestacional, todavía constituye una grave situación de salud en el mundo de hoy, sobre todo en los países tercermundistas, donde no se dispone de recursos suficientes para brindar una adecuada asistencia sanitaria a la población.

The available literature either national or foreign about the neonate morbidity and mortality was reviewed and it was decided to make reference to important aspects related with the topic, among which there were figured, besides a historical review: classification and register of the death causes (distress syndrome, hyaline membrane disease, infections, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and congenital malformations), delivery type (complications and prematurity), as well as low birth weight. Of the obtained information it was inferred that the neonates birth with ponderal inadequacy for the gestational age, still constitutes a severe health situation in today's world, mainly in the third world countries, where enough resources are nor disposable to offer an appropriate health care to the population.

Analysis of 10-year-death cases in hospitalized children in Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To analyze the death cases of hospitalized children in Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College from January 2004 to December 2013,and to detect the age distribution of deaths,the total cost and cost of different diseases,length of hospital stays,season distribution of deaths and mortality rates trends.Methods Five hundred and thirty-one death cases of 0-18 years old hospitalized children from 219 429 cases in Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College during January 2004 to December 2013 were collected and analyzed.Results From January 2004 to December 2013,the total mortality rate of hospitalized children was 0.24％ (531/219 429 cases).The mortality rate of 0-28 d was highest (0.77％).The average economic cost of dead cases was 3.4 times compared with other hospitalized cases,three diseases with highest treatment expenses were congenital malformation,deformations and chromosomal abnormalities ; as well as the respiratory system diseases and tumor.Median hospital stay of the dead cases was 5.8 days.The top five causes of death were certain conditions originating in the perinatal period,such as congenital malformation,deformations and chromosomal abnormalities ; injury,poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes;certain infectious and parasitic diseases;diseases of the respiratory system.From January 2004 to December 2013,the mortality rate declined from 0.34％ to 0.12％ (x2 =67.138,P ＜ 0.001),and it was in a descending order.Conclusions Related departments of government should pay more attention to perinatal care,promote the congenital diseases screening,prevent respiratory infections,improve the level of emergency room,reduce poisoning and traffic accidents.And different measures should be taken according to the different characteristics of the death causes of different age groups.

Analysis of 10-year early neonatal death in the NICU / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To analyze the main causes of early neonatal death in Qingdao Women &Children's Hospital in the latest 10 years.Methods The medical records of early neonatal death in the Qingdao Women&Children’s Hospital from January 2002 through December 201 1 were analyzed.Results A total of 16 314 neonates were available to study,and 525 of them died.The mortality of early neonatal death within a week after birth was 77.71% (408 cases),including 214 premature infants and 194 mature infants.A comparison of mortality between the first 5-year and the second 5-year showed that the underlying trend of mortality was downward (P <0.05 ).The mortalities of early neonatal death within 1 day,3 days, and 4-7 days after birth were 1 10 cases (27.00%),192 cases (47.06%),and 106 cases (25.98%), respectively,and most of the neonates died within 3 days after birth;and the number of severe neonates died within 24 hours was higher than that in other two groups (P <0.01).The leading causes of early neonatal death in 10 years were:preterm birth-related factors (97 cases,23.78%),severe asphyxia (91 cases, 22.3%),congenital malformations (66 cases,16.2%).From 2002 to 2006,the top three main causes of early newborn death were severe asphyxia,congenital malformations and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),whereas from 2007 to 2011,the leading causes of death were ARDS,severe asphyxia,and congenital malformations.In comparison of early neonatal death between different gestational ages,preterm infants’death occurred mainly in 32 weeks,accounting for 26.72%.Conclusions In our hospital,the early neonatal mortality was decreased in the latest 10 years,and majority of deaths occurred within 3 days after berth,and preterm infants’death occurred mainly in 32 weeks.The leading causes of overall early neonatal death in order of frequency were premature birth,severe asphyxia and congenital malformations,but in later 5 years this order of leading causes changed.

Surveillance quality evaluation on death under-reporting and death causes in resident population of Fenghua City in 2009-2011 / 上海预防医学

[ Objective] To investigate the under-reporting rate of death and its causes registration , and to accurately estimate the death rates of the population and infants in Fenghua City . [ Methods] According to the “Survey Program of National Disease Surveillance System on Death Under-reporting”, a retrospective investigation was done of death under-reporting in the sample villages in 2009-2011 on the principle of capture-mark-recapture .The data from investigation have been checked up and compared with that on death causes registration surveillance obtained through “Death Under-reporting System” and“China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention” so as to determine the under-reporting rate . [ Re-sults] A total of 855 death cases were determined by the under-reporting investigation on all sample villa-ges, and the total of 853 death cases were reported by the death causes registration system .Two cases were omitted , with under-reporting rate being 0 .23%.The omission mortality in survey was 7 .10‰.The pro-portion of the deceased highest diagnostic units and medical institutions above county level was 96.61%. The proportion of not seeking treatment was 0 .58%.The inaccurate coding rate was 3 .51%. [ Conclu-sion] In 2009-2011 in Fenghua City,death under-reporting rate was low, integrity good and death diag-nosis reliable in terms of death monitoring work stipulated by national disease monitoring system .

Analysis of in-patients death causes in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from 2005 to 2010 / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To analyze the constitution of in-patient death causes in Sharxi Cancer Hospital from 2005 to 2010. Method Statistical analysis of 1277 hospitalized cases from 2005 to 2010 in Shanxi Cancer Hospital was retrospectively conducted. Results The overall case fatality rate of hospitalized patients from 2005 to 2010 was 0.86 ％ (1277/146820),the rates were 1.16 ％,1.05 ％,0.99 ％,0.85 ％,0.84 ％, 0.64 ％, respectively, with a declining trend, and the differences among them was statistically significance (x2 =45.763,P ＜0.001).Total mortality rate of male hospitalized patients (1.26％) was higher than that of women (0.53％),and the difference was statistically significant (x2=215.367,P＜ 0.001).Analysis of cancer death cause revealed that lung cancer possessed the leading cause of cancer death with the ratio of 36.4％(456/1253). The analysis of top 10 death causes showed that the majority of the population in cancer death causes were men,cadres of staff and workers,secondary school education level people,and people over the age of 60. Conclusion The consitution of in-patient deaths in Shanxi Cancer Hospital is defined, which could provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control.

Causes of death of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in the past twenty-five years / 中华风湿病学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of major causes of death of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).MethodsDeath cases with SLE from January 1986 to May 2011 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsOut of 3554 patients with SLE,252 patients died,including 223 women and 29 men.The mortality rate was 7.2％ among female and 6.2％ among male,the overall mortality rate was 7.1％.The mortality rate in SLE patients had dropped steadily in the past 25 years,but there was a mild increase of mortality in 2006-2011 compared with that in 2001-2005 (5.7％vs 5.3％ ).In addition to infection,neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis had become the most common causes of death in SLE patients during the past 25 years.Furthermore,diffuse alveolar hemorrhage,severe pulmonary hypertension,coronary heart disease,thrombocytopenia,interstitial lung disease,lupus pneumonia,gastrointestinal hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction and multiple organ failure were the common causes of death,accounting for 4.4％,4.4％,3.2％,2.8％,2.4％,2.0％,2.0％,1.2％ and 1.2％ of all the death cases respectively.From 1986 to 2005,infection,neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis were the most common causes of death in patients with SLE,whereas the cases dying from lupus nephritis had decreased obviously and severe pulmonary hypertension had become the third most frequent causes of death during the past 5years.From 1986 to 1990,lupus nephritis,infection and neuropsychiatric lupus accounted for 31.4％,25.7％and 25.7％ of death cases respectively.From 1991 to 1995,lupus nephritis,infection and neuropsychiatric lupus accounted for 27.6％,24.1％ and 24.1％ respectively.From 1996 to 2000,infection,neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis took up 31.6％,21.1％ and 15.8％ respectively.From 2001 to 2005,infection,neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis took up 34.9％,20.6％ and 7.9％ respectively.From 2006 to 2011,infection, neuropsychiatric lupus and pulmonary hypertension accounted for 60.3％, 11.8％ and 7.4％ respectively.The mortality in the first year was the highest in the whole disease course,accounting for 32.5％ of patients.Deaths caused by neuropsychiatric lupus and infection happened most frequently during the first year,accounting for 41.9％ and 32.9％,whereas deaths caused by lupus nephritis occurred most frequently 10 years later,accounting for 32.3％.Age and gender had significant association with the major causes of death.The male patients took up 50.0％ of the total patients dying from coronary heart disease,in which 75.0％ of patients were older than 50 years.ConclusionInfection,neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis are the three most common causes of death in SLE patients fron 1986 to 2005.Severe pulmonary hypertension has become the third most frequent causes of death during the past 5 years instead of lupus nephritis.Severe infection has increased significantly and has been the leading cause of death in SLE patients in recent 5 years.

Investigation of death events caused by infection in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prevention management of death events caused by infections in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods Clinical data of ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis in Nephrology Department of Zhongshan Hospital from 1998 to 2008 were retrospectively studied.Death causes,primary diseases,complications,infections,and survival time were analyzed. Results A total of 252 patients died including 162 males(64.29%)and 90 females(35.71%).Average death age was (63.48±14.77)years.In death events,emergency dialysis accounted for 59.52%,and primary glomerular disease was the major primary diseases(27.23%),then diabetic nephropathy(16.90%)and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (14.55%).34.8%death was caused by infections or promoted by infections,secondly by cerebrovascular events(23.6%).The elderly accounted for the majority of infection-associated deaths.48.15%and 38.71%patients with deaths caused or promoted by infections respectively had shorter dialysis duration(75 years)and hemodialysis duration within 3 months,which may result in shorter survival.Pulmonary infection and gram negative bacillus combined with fungal infection should be considered in the treatment.Prophylaxis of nosocomial infection and pulmonary infection in hemodialysis patients should be more emphasized.

Clinical analysis of 145 death cases from the department of emergency internal medicine / 中国综合临床

Objective To summarize and analyse the clinical data of death cases in the department of emergency internal medicine. Methods The clinical data of patients presenting at the department of emergency internal medicine from January 2005 to July 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among 13 211 patients of department of emergency internal medicine, 145 died. More cases died in winter( 32.0% , 39/122 ).More than half of deaths occurred within 6 hours after admission( 54.5% ,79/145 ). The top six death causes were sudden death, pulmonary infection, cerebrovascular accident, advanced cancer, gastrointestinal bleeding,cardiovascular diseases and the occurrence rates were 18. 6%, 13.8%, 13.8%, 10.3%, 9. 7% and 9.0%respectively. Conclusion The first three death causes in department of emergency internal medicine were sudden death, cerebrovascular accident, pulmonary infection. Prevention of these diseases, cooperation between emergency department and other departments and special training on standardized treatment of critically ill patients should be enhanced.

Changes in Contribution of Causes of Death to Socioeconomic Mortality Inequalities in Korean Adults / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze long-term trends in the contribution of each cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality among Korean adults. METHODS: Data were collected from death certificates between 1990 and 2004 and from censuses in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Age-standardized death rates by gender were produced according to education as the socioeconomic position indicator, and the slope index of inequality was calculated to evaluate the contribution of each cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among adults aged 25-44, accidental injuries with transport accidents, suicide, liver disease and cerebrovascular disease made relatively large contributions to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality, while, among adults aged 45-64, liver disease, cerebrovascular disease, transport accidents, liver cancer, and lung cancer did so. Ischemic heart disease, a very important contributor to socioeconomic mortality inequality in North America and Western Europe, showed a very low contribution (less than 3%) in both genders of Koreans. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the contributions of different causes of death to absolute mortality inequalities, establishing effective strategies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in mortality is warranted.

Analysis of Death Cause of Children between New Born and Fourteen Years of Age from 2005 to 2007 in Xi'an City / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To investigate the characteristic of death in children between the new born and fourteen years of age in Xi'an City. Methods Surveillance data on resident death from 2005 to 2007 in Xi'an City was analyzed, classified the death cause with ICD-10. Results The average annual mortality rate in children between new born and fourteen years of age in our city was 97.91/100 000 (accounted for 3.1% of the total death), mortality rate in boys (114.39/100 000) was higher than that in girls (79.33/100 000), mortality rate in infants within one year of age was the highest (818.38 / 100 000), neonatal mortality rate counted for 83.65% of infant death; Injury, some diseases originated from perinatal period and congenital malformation were three main causes of children death. Conclusion Injury, some diseases originated from perinatal period and congenital malformation are three main causes of children death; Invention to injury and premarital, maternal health care are needed.

Analysis of Death Causes in Urban Areas of Changsha During Ten Years / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of comprehensive intervention on population death rate. Methods To analyze population crude death rate, cause-specific death rate, and compare the death rate in intervention group with that of control.Results The average crude death rate in communities of Changsha was 617 79 per 100 000, with 557 27 per 100 000 of standarized death rate. Cerebrovascular disease, cardiocascular disease, tumour, disease of respiratory system injury and intoxication were from the first rank to the fifth in order the death causes. The death rate in intervention group was lower than that of control group significantly, and the death rate of cerebrovascular disease and cardiocascular disease in intervention group were lower than that of control significantly.Conclusions Cerebrovascular disease and cardiocascular disease are the major causes of death. Intervention on risks factors of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases can lower the death rate of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases and the population death rate.

A STUDY ON THE RANK ORDER FOR THE SPECTRUM OF DEATH CAUSES OF NON-WAR WOUNDS AMONG TROOPS AT A CERTAIN AREA SN CHINA FROM 1950 TO 1986 / 第二军医大学学报

The rank order for the spectrum of death causes of non-war wounds had changed significantly among troops at a certain area in China from 1950 to 1986. In 1980s, the chief death causes were malignant tumors,accidents and acute infectious diseases, respectively. When the rank order among the troops was compared with that among the citizens at the same area during this period, we have found that the former was similar to the latter for malignant tumors,but the former was higher for accidents and acute infectious diseases, and lower for cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases and tuberculosis of lungs than the latter. Hepatitis and leukemia made up a high proportion of death cases in≤29 years age group, and lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, cirrhosis and coronary heart disease in ≥40 years age group. So it indicates that the focal point of surveillance for diseases should be different between these two age groups in the medical work and health examination in future. The mean age of death for accidents was 24.92 years, and 83.30% of the subjects belonged to≤29 years age group, which shows that special attention shouldbe given to the prevention of accidents in this age group.